A history of martial law in South Korea in Associated Press photographs
A history of martial law in South Korea in Associated Press photographs
FILE- Students hurl rocks and shout slogans at the police in defiance of a government ban on demonstrations in South Korea, on Monday, April 18, 1960. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Two policemen flank demonstrators in Seoul, South Korea on April 18, 1960 using clubs to break up a riot protesting the March 15 presidential election. Demonstrations continued and on April 19 in the South Korean capital martial law was declared. (AP Photo, File)
FILE- Students in South Korea capital of Seoul use shield to defy attempts to disperse them with fire hoses on April 19, 1960. Students were protesting manner in which recent election was managed. (AP Photo/Kim Chon Kil, File)
FILE- These are three South Korean newspapers for Wednesday, April 20, which show crude censoring by officials shown April 19, 1960. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Some 200 college professors representing 27 colleges, march along a Seoul street, in South Korea, on April 25, 1960, after a meeting at the Seoul University. The professors expressed embarrassment that they had left it to their students to lead the movement against what they considered misrule by President Sungman Rhee. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Jubilant South Koreans surmounted an army tank in Seoul’s City Hall Plaza on April 27, 1960 as they celebrated apparent victory over President Syngman Rhee’s government. Rhee resigned on April 27 in the face of nationwide demonstrations for democratic reforms and new elections. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- An army tank stands guard in front of the National Assembly building in the heart of this South Korean capital of Seoul on Oct. 18, 1972. The single-house parliament was closed by Martial Law proclaimed. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Truckloads of South Korean paratroopers move in downtown Masan on Oct. 20, 1979 as a “garrison decree” was proclaimed following two days of rioting against the government in this south coast city, 300 km south of Seoul, South Korea. (AP Photo/Kim Chon-Kil, File)
FILE- Seoul citizens walk beside an army tank on Saturday, Oct. 27, 1979, after martial law was declared following the death of President Park Chung-Hee. (AP Photo/Kim Chon-Kil, File)
CORRECTS SPELLING FILE - Some 10,000 students of Seoul National University hold a campus rally on Friday, May 2, 1980 to demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence Chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-hwan. (AP Photo/Kim Chon Kil, File)
FILE- Police vehicle sprays tear gas at tens of thousands of student demonstrators in downtown Seoul, South Korea on Thursday, May 15, 1980. (AP Photo/Kim Chon-Kil, File)
FILE- A helmeted army paratroops beats a man arrested during violent anti-government demonstrations in Gwangju (Kwangju), May 20, 1980. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Families and relatives gather around the coffins of dead protesters at provincial headquarters in Gwangju (Kwangju), South Korea, May 23, 1980, some 250 kilometers south of Seoul, South Korea. (AP Photo/Kin Chon Kil, File)
FILE- Government soldiers are erecting a roadblock on a street leading to downtown Gwangju (Kwangju), with citizens looking on, May 26, 1980. Rebels are holding the provincial capital in south western Korea days now. (AP Photo/ File)
FILE- Korean student demonstrators gather with their collection of weapons, stolen from police and military, at a government building, in Gwangju (Kwangju), South Korea, May 24, 1980, during anti-government demonstrations. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Soldiers carry away the body of a rebel killed in a firefight Tuesday May 27, 1980, when South Korean troops recaptured this riot-battered city of Gwangju (Kwangju). (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Commandeered city buses are used to block a main downtown street of Gwangju (Kwangju), May 23, 1980 by demonstrators against riot police and paratroopers during riotous anti-government protests this week. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Scores of captured rebels with hands up are being led away Tuesday May 27, 1980, by armed soldiers from the provincial government HQ., in this city of Gwangju (Kwangju) which South Korean troops recaptured in a firefight earlier in the day. (AP Photo)
FILE- Students hurl rocks and shout slogans at the police in defiance of a government ban on demonstrations in South Korea, on Monday, April 18, 1960. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Students hurl rocks and shout slogans at the police in defiance of a government ban on demonstrations in South Korea, on Monday, April 18, 1960. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Two policemen flank demonstrators in Seoul, South Korea on April 18, 1960 using clubs to break up a riot protesting the March 15 presidential election. Demonstrations continued and on April 19 in the South Korean capital martial law was declared. (AP Photo, File)
FILE- Two policemen flank demonstrators in Seoul, South Korea on April 18, 1960 using clubs to break up a riot protesting the March 15 presidential election. Demonstrations continued and on April 19 in the South Korean capital martial law was declared. (AP Photo, File)
FILE- Students in South Korea capital of Seoul use shield to defy attempts to disperse them with fire hoses on April 19, 1960. Students were protesting manner in which recent election was managed. (AP Photo/Kim Chon Kil, File)
FILE- Students in South Korea capital of Seoul use shield to defy attempts to disperse them with fire hoses on April 19, 1960. Students were protesting manner in which recent election was managed. (AP Photo/Kim Chon Kil, File)
FILE- These are three South Korean newspapers for Wednesday, April 20, which show crude censoring by officials shown April 19, 1960. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- These are three South Korean newspapers for Wednesday, April 20, which show crude censoring by officials shown April 19, 1960. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Some 200 college professors representing 27 colleges, march along a Seoul street, in South Korea, on April 25, 1960, after a meeting at the Seoul University. The professors expressed embarrassment that they had left it to their students to lead the movement against what they considered misrule by President Sungman Rhee. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Some 200 college professors representing 27 colleges, march along a Seoul street, in South Korea, on April 25, 1960, after a meeting at the Seoul University. The professors expressed embarrassment that they had left it to their students to lead the movement against what they considered misrule by President Sungman Rhee. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Jubilant South Koreans surmounted an army tank in Seoul’s City Hall Plaza on April 27, 1960 as they celebrated apparent victory over President Syngman Rhee’s government. Rhee resigned on April 27 in the face of nationwide demonstrations for democratic reforms and new elections. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Jubilant South Koreans surmounted an army tank in Seoul’s City Hall Plaza on April 27, 1960 as they celebrated apparent victory over President Syngman Rhee’s government. Rhee resigned on April 27 in the face of nationwide demonstrations for democratic reforms and new elections. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- An army tank stands guard in front of the National Assembly building in the heart of this South Korean capital of Seoul on Oct. 18, 1972. The single-house parliament was closed by Martial Law proclaimed. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- An army tank stands guard in front of the National Assembly building in the heart of this South Korean capital of Seoul on Oct. 18, 1972. The single-house parliament was closed by Martial Law proclaimed. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Truckloads of South Korean paratroopers move in downtown Masan on Oct. 20, 1979 as a “garrison decree” was proclaimed following two days of rioting against the government in this south coast city, 300 km south of Seoul, South Korea. (AP Photo/Kim Chon-Kil, File)
FILE- Truckloads of South Korean paratroopers move in downtown Masan on Oct. 20, 1979 as a “garrison decree” was proclaimed following two days of rioting against the government in this south coast city, 300 km south of Seoul, South Korea. (AP Photo/Kim Chon-Kil, File)
FILE- Seoul citizens walk beside an army tank on Saturday, Oct. 27, 1979, after martial law was declared following the death of President Park Chung-Hee. (AP Photo/Kim Chon-Kil, File)
FILE- Seoul citizens walk beside an army tank on Saturday, Oct. 27, 1979, after martial law was declared following the death of President Park Chung-Hee. (AP Photo/Kim Chon-Kil, File)
CORRECTS SPELLING FILE - Some 10,000 students of Seoul National University hold a campus rally on Friday, May 2, 1980 to demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence Chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-hwan. (AP Photo/Kim Chon Kil, File)
CORRECTS SPELLING FILE - Some 10,000 students of Seoul National University hold a campus rally on Friday, May 2, 1980 to demand the lifting of martial law and the resignation of Premier Shin Hyon-Hwack and Korean Central Intelligence Chief Lt. Gen. Chun Doo-hwan. (AP Photo/Kim Chon Kil, File)
FILE- Police vehicle sprays tear gas at tens of thousands of student demonstrators in downtown Seoul, South Korea on Thursday, May 15, 1980. (AP Photo/Kim Chon-Kil, File)
FILE- Police vehicle sprays tear gas at tens of thousands of student demonstrators in downtown Seoul, South Korea on Thursday, May 15, 1980. (AP Photo/Kim Chon-Kil, File)
FILE- A helmeted army paratroops beats a man arrested during violent anti-government demonstrations in Gwangju (Kwangju), May 20, 1980. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- A helmeted army paratroops beats a man arrested during violent anti-government demonstrations in Gwangju (Kwangju), May 20, 1980. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Families and relatives gather around the coffins of dead protesters at provincial headquarters in Gwangju (Kwangju), South Korea, May 23, 1980, some 250 kilometers south of Seoul, South Korea. (AP Photo/Kin Chon Kil, File)
FILE- Families and relatives gather around the coffins of dead protesters at provincial headquarters in Gwangju (Kwangju), South Korea, May 23, 1980, some 250 kilometers south of Seoul, South Korea. (AP Photo/Kin Chon Kil, File)
FILE- Government soldiers are erecting a roadblock on a street leading to downtown Gwangju (Kwangju), with citizens looking on, May 26, 1980. Rebels are holding the provincial capital in south western Korea days now. (AP Photo/ File)
FILE- Government soldiers are erecting a roadblock on a street leading to downtown Gwangju (Kwangju), with citizens looking on, May 26, 1980. Rebels are holding the provincial capital in south western Korea days now. (AP Photo/ File)
FILE- Korean student demonstrators gather with their collection of weapons, stolen from police and military, at a government building, in Gwangju (Kwangju), South Korea, May 24, 1980, during anti-government demonstrations. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Korean student demonstrators gather with their collection of weapons, stolen from police and military, at a government building, in Gwangju (Kwangju), South Korea, May 24, 1980, during anti-government demonstrations. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Soldiers carry away the body of a rebel killed in a firefight Tuesday May 27, 1980, when South Korean troops recaptured this riot-battered city of Gwangju (Kwangju). (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Soldiers carry away the body of a rebel killed in a firefight Tuesday May 27, 1980, when South Korean troops recaptured this riot-battered city of Gwangju (Kwangju). (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Commandeered city buses are used to block a main downtown street of Gwangju (Kwangju), May 23, 1980 by demonstrators against riot police and paratroopers during riotous anti-government protests this week. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Commandeered city buses are used to block a main downtown street of Gwangju (Kwangju), May 23, 1980 by demonstrators against riot police and paratroopers during riotous anti-government protests this week. (AP Photo/File)
FILE- Scores of captured rebels with hands up are being led away Tuesday May 27, 1980, by armed soldiers from the provincial government HQ., in this city of Gwangju (Kwangju) which South Korean troops recaptured in a firefight earlier in the day. (AP Photo)
FILE- Scores of captured rebels with hands up are being led away Tuesday May 27, 1980, by armed soldiers from the provincial government HQ., in this city of Gwangju (Kwangju) which South Korean troops recaptured in a firefight earlier in the day. (AP Photo)
SEOUL, South Korea (AP) — When South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law this week it was the first time a South Korean government took such a drastic measure since it became a fully functioning democracy more than 35 years ago.
But in the decades of largely autocratic governments and military rule from the end of World War II until the establishment of the Sixth Republic in 1988, martial law was not uncommon as the country faced political turmoil, uprisings, frequent protests and all-out war with North Korea.
It was last imposed in 1979 by Prime Minister Choi Kyu-hah after the assassination of President Park Chung-hee, a military dictator who had seized power in a 1961 coup. It was then extended in 1980 by Gen. Chun Doo-hwan, who also took the presidency in a military coup.
He used military force to put down student-led demonstrations in Gwangju, some 250 kilometers (150 miles) south of Seoul, killing hundreds of protesters.
In Seoul, thousands of university students took to the streets to demand an end to martial law, and were confronted by riot police using tear gas. Martial law was eventually lifted in 1981.
Martial law was first used in 1948 by South Korea’s first president Syngman Rhee as he cracked down on communist uprisings, killing thousands.
It was also invoked during the 1950-53 Korean War to allow South Korea to use its military to stifle anti-government protests.
As Rhee struggled to hold onto power in the face of growing opposition, he imposed martial law again in 1960. Hundreds were killed in clashes between protesters and police. After Rhee was forced to resign in the face of nationwide demonstrations, jubilant South Koreans climbed aboard a tank outside Seoul’s City Hall to celebrate.
While still president in 1972, Park Chung-hee initiated another coup to give himself dictatorial powers and declared martial law, again sending tanks into the streets of Seoul. It was lifted later the same year.
Through the years until his assassination in 1979, protests against Park’s rule grew, and he used emergency measures to justify the jailing of hundreds of dissidents.