Ukraine bides its time in its counteroffensive, trying to stretch Russian forces before striking

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FILE - Ukrainian soldiers fire a cannon near Bakhmut, an eastern city where fierce battles against Russian forces have been taking place, in the Donetsk region, Ukraine, May 15, 2023. The first phase of Ukraine’s counteroffensive to recapture Russian-occupied territory after more than 16 months of war began weeks ago without fanfare, and apart from claiming that its troops are edging forward, Kyiv has not offered much detail on how it’s going. (AP Photo/Libkos, File)

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FILE - Ukrainian soldiers sit in a recently captured Russian trench on the frontline near Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Tuesday, July 4 2023. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP photo/Libkos, File)

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FILE - Ukrainian soldiers fire toward Russian position from a trench on the frontline in Zaporizhzhia region, Ukraine, Friday, June 23, 2023. Battles are also raging along the southern front in Zaporizhzhia, where Ukrainian forces are making minimal gains and coming up against formidable Russian fortifications. (AP Photo/Efrem Lukatsky, File)

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FILE - An aerial view of Bakhmut, the site of the heaviest battles with Russian troops in the Donetsk region, Ukraine, Thursday, June 22, 2023. Fighting has intensified at multiple points along the 1,500-kilometer (930-mile) front line. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP Photo/Libkos, File)

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FILE - A Ukrainian serviceman of the 3rd Assault Brigade fires a 122mm mortar towards Russian positions at the front line, near Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Sunday, July 2, 2023. Fighting has intensified at multiple points along the 1,500-kilometer (930-mile) front line. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP Photo/Alex Babenko, File)

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FILE - A Ukrainian soldier lies on the ground as a tank fires toward Russian positions at the frontline near Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Saturday, June 17, 2023. Fighting has intensified at multiple points along the 1,500-kilometer (930-mile) front line. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP Photo/Libkos, File)

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FILE - A Ukrainian soldier examines a culture center in recently retaken Blahodatne, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Friday, June 16, 2023. The first phase of Ukraine’s counteroffensive to recapture Russian-occupied territory after more than 16 months of war began weeks ago without fanfare, and apart from claiming that its troops are edging forward, Kyiv has not offered much detail on how it’s going. (AP Photo/Libkos, File)

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FILE - A hand of a killed Russian soldier is seen in a trench, at the front line near Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Monday, July 3, 2023. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP Photo/Alex Babenko, File)

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FILE - Ukrainian servicemen ride atop on an APC at the frontline near Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Thursday, June 29, 2023. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP Photo/Alex Babenko, File)

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FILE - Ukrainian soldiers walk in their positions on the frontline in Zaporizhzhia region, Ukraine, Friday, June 23, 2023. In the southeastern Zaporizhzhia region, Battles are also raging along the southern front in Zaporizhzhia, where Ukrainian forces are making minimal gains and coming up against formidable Russian fortifications. (AP Photo/Efrem Lukatsky, File)

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FILE - A Ukrainian serviceman of the 10th Assault Brigade Edelweiss fires a D-30 cannon towards Russian positions at the front line, near Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Wednesday, July 5, 2023. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP Photo/Libkos, File)

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FILE - A Ukrainian soldier goes in a recently captured Russian trench with dead Russian soldiers, on the frontline near Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Tuesday, July 4 2023. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP photo/Libkos, File)

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FILE - Ukrainian soldiers fire toward Russian position on the frontline in Zaporizhzhia region, Ukraine, Saturday, June 24, 2023. Battles are also raging along the southern front in Zaporizhzhia, where Ukrainian forces are making minimal gains and coming up against formidable Russian fortifications. (AP Photo/Efrem Lukatsky, File)

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FILE - A Ukrainian army Grad multiple rocket launcher fires rockets at Russian positions in the frontline near Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Wednesday, July 12, 2023. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (Roman Chop via AP, File)

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FILE - A Ukrainian serviceman of 28th brigade shoots a Maxim gun towards Russian positions at the frontline in Donetsk region, Ukraine, Wednesday, June 21, 2023. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP Photo/Evgeniy Maloletka, File)

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FILE - Ukrainian servicemen ride atop on a tank T-64 at the front line near Bakhmut, Donetsk region, Ukraine, Monday, July 3, 2023. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (AP Photo/Alex Babenko, File)

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FILE - Ukrainian soldiers fire a Croatian RAK-SA-12 128mm multiple rocket launcher towards the Russian positions on the frontline near Bakhmut in the Donetsk region, Ukraine, Monday, July 10, 2023. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of Bakhmut, in a semi-encirclement of the wrecked city that Russian forces have been occupying since May. (Roman Chop via AP, File)

By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

The first phase of Ukraine’s counteroffensive to recapture Russian-occupied territory began weeks ago without fanfare. Apart from claiming that its troops are edging forward, Kyiv has not offered much detail on how it’s going.

Taking place mostly out of sight of impartial observers, the fighting in eastern and southern Ukraine pits troops equipped with new Western-supplied weapons against Kremlin forces that spent months digging formidable defenses and honing tactics.

Here’s a look at what’s happening after more than 16 months of war:

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WHAT ARE UKRAINE’S TACTICS?

Fighting has intensified at multiple points along the 1,500-kilometer (930-mile) front line. Ukrainian forces are making steady progress along the northern and southern flanks of the wrecked city of Bakhmut, which Russian forces have been occupying since May.

Battles are also raging along the southern front in Zaporizhzhia, where Ukrainian forces are making minimal gains and coming up against formidable Russian fortifications.

Hanna Maliar, Ukraine’s deputy minister of defense, recently claimed that Kyiv’s forces had destroyed six Russian ammunition depots in the space of 24 hours, a remark that hinted at Ukrainian tactics.

“We inflict effective, painful and precise blows and bleed the occupier, for whom the lack of ammunition and fuel will sooner or later become fatal,” she said.

Britain’s top military officer says that is Ukraine’s first goal: starve Russian units of supplies and reinforcements by attacking logistic and command centers in the rear, including with U.K.-supplied Storm Shadow missiles. Ukraine is also trying to stretch Russia’s resources by simultaneously badgering multiple points along the front line, said Admiral Tony Radakin, chief of the U.K. defense staff, earlier this month.

Ukraine’s full-scale offensive will come, he said, when one point on the front line collapses. Kyiv’s reserve troops can then pour through the breach.

“I would describe it as a policy of starve, stretch and strike,’’ Radakin told a British parliamentary committee.

He noted that Ukraine lacks vital air cover for its attacks. Kyiv has won pledges from its Western allies of F-16 fighter jets, but they aren’t expected to be seen over the battlefield until next year. Ukraine is also asking for long-range weapons and more ammunitions.

The U.S. sent Ukraine cluster munitions this week to help bolster its offensive. President Joe Biden said he hoped the controversial bombs will provide a temporary fix to help stop Russian tanks because “the Ukrainians are running out of ammunition.”

WHAT ARE RUSSIA’S TACTICS?

The Kremlin’s forces are using large numbers of anti-tank mines to slow Ukraine’s armored counteroffensive operations in southern Ukraine. That puts exposed Ukrainian attackers at the mercy of Russian drones, helicopters and artillery.

Even when entrenched behind many kilometers (miles) of trenches, anti-tank ditches and other obstacles, reportedly up to 20 kilometers (12 miles) deep in some places, Russian forces face plenty of difficulties.

Battlefield attrition has diminished Moscow’s military heft. The war has also exposed incompetence and a lack of initiative in Russian ranks, as well as poor coordination.

Radakin, Britain’s commander in chief, said Russia has lost about half its combat strength since its full-scale invasion in February 2022. Also, Russian factories aren’t able to supply enough munitions to replace those lost on the battlefield, he said.

For example, Russia has used about 10 million shells in Ukraine, while producing only 1 million new ones, according to Radakin. Similarly, it has lost more than 2,000 tanks but manufactured just 200 replacements, he said.

Russians are reportedly conducting offensive operations and making minimal gains in the northern Kreminna forest area.

WHAT NEXT?

The Ukrainian counteroffensive will be “very long” and “very bloody,” U.S. Army Gen. Mark Milley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said recently.

Ukrainian soldiers say the sheer weight of Russian shelling of their positions has been surprising and is slowing Kyiv’s advance.

In the open fields of Zaporizhzhia in particular, where finding cover is difficult, commanders are exposing fewer soldiers in order to limit the number of casualties from heavy artillery.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy acknowledged last week that the counteroffensive “isn’t going fast.”

It started later than many expected, apparently as Kyiv waited for the delivery of Western arms and the arrival of Western-trained soldiers. That delay meant that the operation began in the summer instead of the spring.

Military planners have to bear in mind that the Ukrainian winter brings muddy conditions that bog down armor and troops. The notorious mud season even has its own name: “rasputitsa.”

Once the weather deteriorates, the warring sides will have to take stock and get ready for what could be another round of attritional warfare over the coming winter.

Western analysts say the counteroffensive, even if it prospers, won’t end the war. But it could prove to be a decisive episode and strengthen Kyiv’s hand in any negotiations. Ukraine is also keen to show the West that sending aid was worthwhile.

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Follow AP’s coverage of the war in Ukraine at https://apnews.com/hub/russia-ukraine